{"id":1518,"date":"2023-08-08T17:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-08-08T17:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cyberscoop.com\/?p=76090"},"modified":"2023-08-08T17:00:00","modified_gmt":"2023-08-08T17:00:00","slug":"downfall-vulnerability-leaves-billions-of-intel-cpus-at-risk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ddi.mohflo.net\/index.php\/2023\/08\/08\/downfall-vulnerability-leaves-billions-of-intel-cpus-at-risk\/","title":{"rendered":"\u2018Downfall\u2019 vulnerability leaves billions of Intel CPUs at risk\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><head> <meta charset=\"UTF-8\"> <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1\"> <meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1\"> <!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v20.5 (Yoast SEO v20.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ --> <title>\u2018Downfall\u2019 vulnerability leaves billions of Intel CPUs at risk&nbsp; | 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main content<\/a> <\/p>\n<div class=\"ad ad--top ad--top-desktop\">\n<div class=\"ad__inner\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Advertisement<\/span> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p> <main id=\"main\" role=\"main\" tabindex=\"-1\"> <\/p>\n<div class=\"ad ad--top ad--top-mobile\">\n<div class=\"ad__inner\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Advertisement<\/span> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"stickybar\" class=\"stickybar stickybar--newsletter js-stickybar\" readability=\"0.82\"> <button class=\"stickybar__close js-stickybar-close\" aria-controls=\"stickybar\"> <svg class=\"icon icon--close\" width=\"21\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 21 22\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"m.822.518-.805.805L9.695 11 .017 20.678l.805.805 9.678-9.678 9.677 9.678.806-.805L11.305 11l9.678-9.677-.806-.805-9.677 9.677L.822.518Z\" fill=\"currentColor\" \/><\/svg> <span class=\"visually-hidden\">Close<\/span> <\/button> <\/section>\n<article class=\"single-article content\">\n<div class=\"single-article__container js-single-article-content\">\n<header class=\"single-article__header \" readability=\"23.770386266094\">\n<div class=\"single-article__header-content\" readability=\"29.600858369099\">\n<ul class=\"single-article__eyebrow\">\n<li class=\"single-article__category\"> <a class=\"single-article__category-link\" href=\"https:\/\/cyberscoop.com\/news\/cybersecurity\/\"> <span>Cybersecurity<\/span> <\/a> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p> A vulnerability in Intel\u2019s x86 chips major raises questions about the assumptions underlying computer security models. <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"single-article__cover-wrap\">\n<figure class=\"single-article__cover\"> <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" fetchpriority=\"high\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/downfall-vulnerability-leaves-billions-of-intel-cpus-at-risk.jpg?resize=640%2C360&#038;ssl=1\" class=\"single-article__cover-image wp-post-image\" alt decoding=\"async\"> <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"single-article__content\">\n<div class=\"single-article__content-inner has-drop-cap\"> <html readability=\"70.976757957069\"><body readability=\"142.96650717703\"><\/p>\n<p>Computer security operates on a few basic principles, and one of them is that data in use by one application should not be available to another without permission. This basic architecture should in theory keep one application from snooping on another and stealing, for example, a bank key from a password manager. When that principle breaks down, it can be devastating.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Since at least 2014, several generations of Intel CPUs have been vulnerable to exactly this type of data leak, exposing billions of chips to an attack that can easily be used to steal sensitive data, including encryption keys. New research by Daniel Moghimi, a computer security expert at the University of California, San Diego, and Google, set to be presented this week at the Black Hat cybersecurity conference in Las Vegas finds that several generations of Intel\u2019s ubiquitous x86 processors rely on a technique to increase performance that also introduces a vulnerability \u2014 dubbed Downfall \u2014 that challenges basic assumptions about computer security.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>To enable high-speed parallel processing, the x86 architecture relies on a small \u201cregister buffer\u201d to store data. Different applications share this buffer, and when the CPU executes a command known as \u201cgather,\u201d it can read data left in the register by another application and forward it to an attacker.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Computer hardware should isolate data used by different applications, but by using the Downfall vulnerability, an attacker running one application can easily steal passwords, encryption keys and other sensitive data from another. In theory, a malicious tab on your browser could use this flaw to steal a banking password from another tab.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"ad ad--inline_1 \">\n<div class=\"ad__inner\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Advertisement<\/span> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u201cWhen you have a vulnerability like this, essentially this software-hardware contract is broken, and the software can access physical memory inside the hardware that was supposed to be abstracted away from the user program,\u201d Moghimi told CyberScoop in an interview. \u201cIt violates a lot of assumptions we make in general about operating system security.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The implications of the flaw are huge. Intel has likely sold billions of processors that include the vulnerability, which has existed since at least 2014. The flaw affects both personal and cloud computers, and the vulnerability can likely be used to break the isolation that ought to exist between data belonging to users on a cloud computing device.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Though the exact number depends on the vendor, several dozen clients might share any given cloud computing machine. A malicious user could use Downfall to steal sensitive data, such as administrative credentials, from other users on a cloud computing device and then use those credentials to gain additional access.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Cloud security runs on the premise that data belonging to one user can be isolated from data belonging to another. Downfall profoundly challenges that assumption at a time when there <a href=\"https:\/\/cyberscoop.com\/microsoft-china-breach-encryption-key\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">are growing questions<\/a> about whether cloud computing is able to fully deliver on its perceived security benefits.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>A spokesperson for Intel said the vulnerability was discovered \u201cwithin the controlled conditions of a research environment\u201d and that the \u201cattack would be very complex to pull off outside of such controlled conditions.\u201d Recent generations of Intel processors \u2014 including Alder Lake, Raptor Lake and Sapphire Rapids \u2014 are not affected, the spokesperson noted. <\/p>\n<div class=\"ad ad--inline_1 \">\n<div class=\"ad__inner\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Advertisement<\/span> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Downfall is similar to recent major CPU vulnerabilities such as <a href=\"https:\/\/cyberscoop.com\/jolted-meltdown-spectre-intel-aims-accelerate-patching-process\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Meltdown and Spectre<\/a>, and as hardware grows more complex, Moghini says that more vulnerabilities like Downfall will be discovered, highlighting the need for chip designers to balance performance demands with security needs. &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In their relentless pursuit of speed and to keep alive the spirit of Moore\u2019s Law, chip designers are increasingly turning to design innovations to squeeze ever more performance out of chips, and Downfall illustrates how the pursuit of speed can create security vulnerabilities.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhile the mechanism is quite different, this technique has echoes of Meltdown\/Spectre in that it exploits another workaround Intel has used to speed up the affected chips,\u201d said Trey Herr, who directs the Atlantic Council\u2019s Cyber Statecraft Initiative. \u201cIt shows the challenge Intel and others have had trying to cushion the blow of Moore\u2019s Law coming to an end.\u201d <\/p>\n<p>As it becomes increasingly difficult to squeeze more transistors onto a given piece of silicon, chip architects are turning to design tricks that optimize for speed. The \u201cgather\u201d function at the heart of Downfall is one such need-for-speed enhancement, and Moghini said the potential for such performance-improving designs to introduce security vulnerabilities was one reason why he decided to study the gather function.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhenever you have an optimization feature on the CPU, there is always a chance that those optimizations may introduce vulnerabilities,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ad ad--inline_1 \">\n<div class=\"ad__inner\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Advertisement<\/span> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Moghimi first discovered the flaw in 2022 and reported it to Intel, which quickly validated the vulnerability and asked Moghimi to abide by a year-long embargo while the firm fixed the problem. With Moghimi\u2019s research now public, Intel is rolling out a microcode fix, which will require an operating system update to implement and will result in a performance penalty. An Intel spokesperson said that most workloads will not see a performance penalty due to the fix but that vectorization-heavy workloads may be affected.&nbsp;(The full list of affected processors <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intel.com\/content\/www\/us\/en\/developer\/topic-technology\/software-security-guidance\/processors-affected-consolidated-product-cpu-model.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">is here<\/a>.)<\/p>\n<p>The nature of that fix, however, illustrates how Downfall exploits the basic architectural design of a chip to steal data. \u201cThe fix cannot solve the root cause of the issue, which is sharing physical hardware with other processes,\u201d Moghimi added.<\/p>\n<p>A spokesperson for Intel said the firm is not aware of any in-the-wild exploitation of the flaw, but detecting Downfall\u2019s exploitation is highly difficult. And since the flaw has existed since 2014, it is possible it has been exploited without our knowledge. That is especially concerning because discovering Downfall and creating exploits for it was fairly easy.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhen I discovered this vulnerability, it took me maybe a couple of weeks to come up with attacks that work,\u201d Moghimi said.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Moghimi says the vulnerability is ideally suited for theft of encryption keys and passwords, and as part of his research, he developed methods to trivially steal 128- and 256-bit AES encryption keys using Downfall.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"ad ad--inline_1 \">\n<div class=\"ad__inner\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Advertisement<\/span> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u201cI was just a one-person researcher without any resources,\u201d he added. \u201cYou can imagine if you have a team of black hat hackers, you can probably do a lot more with it.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><\/body> <\/p>\n<footer class=\"single-article__footer\">\n<div class=\"single-article__tags-container\">\n<h4 class=\"single-article__tags-title\">In This Story<\/h4>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/footer>\n<p> <\/html><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"single-article__ads js-single-article-sidebar\">\n<div class=\"ad ad--sidebar js-single-article-sidebar-5 ad--rightrail_1 \">\n<div class=\"ad__inner\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Advertisement<\/span> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ad ad--sidebar js-single-article-sidebar-4 ad--rightrail_2 \">\n<div class=\"ad__inner\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Advertisement<\/span> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ad ad--sidebar js-single-article-sidebar-3 ad--rightrail_3 \">\n<div class=\"ad__inner\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Advertisement<\/span> <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/article>\n<div class=\"popular-stories popular-stories--single-post\">\n<div class=\"popular-stories__container\">\n<h2 class=\"popular-stories__title\"> More Scoops <\/h2>\n<p> <!-- .popular-stories__stories --> <\/div>\n<p><!-- .popular-stories__inner -->\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- .popular-stories --> <\/p>\n<section class=\"latest-podcasts\">\n<h2 class=\"latest-podcasts__title\"> Latest Podcasts\t<\/h2>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"top-categories\">\n<div class=\"top-categories__container\">\n<h3 class=\"top-categories__category-title\">Technology<\/h3>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"top-categories__container\">\n<h3 class=\"top-categories__category-title\">Government<\/h3>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p> <\/main> <\/p>\n<div class=\"ad ad--bottom \">\n<div class=\"ad__inner\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Advertisement<\/span> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"interstitial\" class=\"welcome__container\"> <button id=\"close-modal-1\" class=\"welcome__clickable_area\"><\/button> <\/p>\n<div class=\"welcome__ad_wrapper\">\n<p> <button id=\"close-modal-3\" class=\"welcome__continue-button\">Continue to CyberScoop<\/button> <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p> <!-- Start of HubSpot Embed Code --> <!-- End of HubSpot Embed Code --> <\/body> <a href=\"https:\/\/cyberscoop.com\/downfall-intel-cpu-vulnerability\/\">Source<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u2018Downfall\u2019 vulnerability leaves billions of Intel CPUs at risk&nbsp; 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