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height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 21 22\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"m.822.518-.805.805L9.695 11 .017 20.678l.805.805 9.678-9.678 9.677 9.678.806-.805L11.305 11l9.678-9.677-.806-.805-9.677 9.677L.822.518Z\" fill=\"currentColor\" \/><\/svg> <span class=\"visually-hidden\">Close<\/span> <\/button> <\/section>\n<article class=\"single-article content\">\n<div class=\"single-article__container js-single-article-content\">\n<header class=\"single-article__header \" readability=\"25.06976744186\">\n<div class=\"single-article__header-content\" readability=\"33.333333333333\">\n<ul class=\"single-article__eyebrow\">\n<li class=\"single-article__category\"> <a class=\"single-article__category-link\" href=\"https:\/\/cyberscoop.com\/news\/commentary\/\"> <span>Commentary<\/span> <\/a> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p> Countries like the United Kingdom, Japan, and Canada are adopting the U.S.’s proactive cyber strategy to anticipate and mitigate vulnerabilities, reflecting a shift away from deterrence. <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"single-article__cover-wrap\">\n<figure class=\"single-article__cover\"> <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" fetchpriority=\"high\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/americas-allies-are-shifting-cyberspace-is-about-persistence-not-deterrence.jpg?resize=640%2C426&ssl=1\" class=\"single-article__cover-image wp-post-image\" alt=\"cyber flag\" decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/americas-allies-are-shifting-cyberspace-is-about-persistence-not-deterrence-2.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/americas-allies-are-shifting-cyberspace-is-about-persistence-not-deterrence-2.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https:\/\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/americas-allies-are-shifting-cyberspace-is-about-persistence-not-deterrence-2.jpg?resize=768,511 768w, 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https:\/\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/americas-allies-are-shifting-cyberspace-is-about-persistence-not-deterrence-2.jpg?resize=1266,843 1266w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1014px) 100vw, 1014px\"><figcaption> (DoD News \/ Flickr) <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"single-article__content\">\n<div class=\"single-article__content-inner has-drop-cap\"> <html readability=\"57.854465709729\"><body readability=\"116.08760330579\"><\/p>\n<p>Something interesting is happening across America\u2019s cyber allies.<\/p>\n<p>From the United Kingdom to the Netherlands, Japan, South Korea, and Canada, there is an evolution in cyber strategic thought taking root. The United States spearheaded this fresh approach to securing national interests in and through cyberspace with its 2023 Defend Forward strategy, which built on a<a href=\"https:\/\/media.defense.gov\/2018\/Sep\/18\/2002041658\/-1\/-1\/1\/CYBER_STRATEGY_SUMMARY_FINAL.PDF\"> 2018 strategy<\/a> pivot. Now America\u2019s allies are building on this momentum.<\/p>\n<p>The<a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/National-Cybersecurity-Strategy-2023.pdf\"> 2023 U.S. National Cybersecurity Strategy<\/a> and the<a href=\"https:\/\/media.defense.gov\/2023\/Sep\/12\/2003299076\/-1\/-1\/1\/2023_DOD_Cyber_Strategy_Summary.PDF\"> 2023 U.S. DoD Cyber Strategy<\/a> recommitted the U.S. to make proactive persistent efforts to \u201climit, frustrate, and disrupt\u201d adversary cyber activities short of war. To be sure, there are<a href=\"https:\/\/cyberscoop.com\/deterrence-in-cyberspace-is-possible-and-urgent-amid-alarming-hybrid-attacks-state-cyber-ambassador-says\/\"> deterrence holdouts<\/a> among some political leaders and in Congress, who believe speculatively that cyber activity below the threshold of use of force can be deterred. But those gaining operational experience across the globe are finding that the key to security in cyberspace is by proactively engaging in operations and campaigns that identify vulnerabilities, preclude exploitation, and enable mitigation.<\/p>\n<p>The similarity in language across our country\u2019s allies is fascinating, but not surprising, as it represents a convergence of operational experience that comes from lessons learned by working in and through cyberspace. Our allies have come to recognize that they can accumulate gains or prevent losses that may have strategic effect below the threshold of force if they follow the logic of<a href=\"https:\/\/www.artsci.uc.edu\/content\/dam\/refresh\/artsandsciences-62\/departments\/political-science\/ccsp\/pdf_downloadableflyers\/Kybernao_PaperSeries_Issue1_Final.pdf\"> cyber initiative persistence<\/a>, or constantly looking for and maintaining a lead over cyber vulnerabilities and actively adjusting conditions to improve security.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ad ad--inline_1 \">\n<div class=\"ad__inner\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Advertisement<\/span> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The reason we still hear so much about deterrence theory is due to the presence of nuclear weapons and modern conventional forces.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Cyber-Persistence-Theory-Redefining-Cyberspace\/dp\/0197638260\"> Cyber Persistence Theory<\/a> (CPT), on the other hand, is tied to the features of cyberspace. State behavior, both in word and deed, is surging forward in line with the<a href=\"https:\/\/cyberdefensereview.army.mil\/CDR-Content\/Articles\/Article-View\/Article\/3606696\/cyber-persistence-theory-redefining-national-security-in-cyberspace-by-michael\/\"> logic of CPT<\/a>. <\/p>\n<p>The United States has been forthright, stating in the DoD Cyber Strategy that it \u201cwill continue to persistently engage U.S. adversaries in cyberspace, identifying malicious cyber activity in the early stages of planning and development. We will track the organization, capabilities, and intent of malicious cyber actors. \u2026 The Department [of Defense] will continue to defend forward by disrupting the activities of malicious cyber actors and degrading their supporting ecosystems.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Other countries have followed this line of thinking. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/responsible-cyber-power-in-practice\/responsible-cyber-power-in-practice-html\">The United Kingdom states<\/a> that it \u201ccannot leave cyberspace uncontested where adversaries operate with impunity. \u2026 To be secure in cyberspace also requires actively tackling the cyber dependencies of adversaries.\u201d The Netherlands\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.government.nl\/documents\/publications\/2023\/09\/12\/international-cyber-strategy-netherlands-2023-2028\"> 2023 International Cyber Strategy<\/a> notes that the country must \u201ccombat cyber threats \u2026 by moving from a reactive to a more proactive approach to cyber threats.\u201d Japan is actually going through a process of constitutional amendment, building from its<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mofa.go.jp\/fp\/nsp\/page1we_000081.html\"> 2023 National Security Strategy<\/a>\u2019s pledge to \u201cintroduce active cyber defense for eliminating in advance the possibility of serious cyberattacks.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization has also recognized the need for a different approach to cyberspace. It has officially recognized in its<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nato.int\/strategic-concept\/\"> 2022 Strategic Concept<\/a> that \u201ccyberspace is contested at all times. Malign actors seek to degrade our critical infrastructure, interfere with our government services, extract intelligence, steal intellectual property and impede our military activities\u201d and that a \u201ccumulative set of malicious cyber activities could reach the level of armed attack and could lead the North Atlantic Council to invoke Article Five of the Washington Treaty, on a case-by-case basis.\u201d This is significant: a 75-year-old institution whose bedrock security strategy has been deterrence is opening the door to cyber persistence.<\/p>\n<p>America\u2019s allies are recognizing that while deterrence remains the strategic anchor in the conventional and nuclear realms, it is not providing security in cyberspace. This is not mere narrative; it is reality. America\u2019s allies are operationalizing persistence, in accordance with their laws, authorities, and organizational constructs and acting on their new cyber postures.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ad ad--inline_1 \">\n<div class=\"ad__inner\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Advertisement<\/span> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cybercom.mil\/Media\/News\/Article\/3390470\/shared-threats-shared-understanding-us-canada-and-latvia-conclude-defensive-hun\/\">The adoption of Hunt Forward operations<\/a> by Canada and the U.K. is an example of this proactive approach. Their purpose is to search, identify, and remove malicious actors, and mitigate network vulnerabilities before they are exploited for strategic effect. Such operations not only secure networks, but importantly build trust among partners. It\u2019s a big deal to invite another country \u2014 regardless of how friendly \u2014 into one\u2019s own networks given the interconnected nature of systems. Operating in this manner, therefore, has a cumulative gain for the operators and their respective countries.<\/p>\n<p>The logic that security rests in persistently acting to anticipate vulnerability exploitation is not just a military approach. The U.S. Department of Justice\u2019s efforts to disrupt both state actors and cybercriminals follow the same logic. A coordinated disruption campaign recently yielded a win against China\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/cyberscoop.com\/fbi-operation-china-botnet-flax-typhoon\/\">Flax Typhoon<\/a>, with the government takedown of the group\u2019s Internet of Things botnet that consisted of more than 260,000 devices.<\/p>\n<p>The states that are seeing benefits of this proactive approach are adopting a campaigning mindset. For example, the U.S. identifies campaigning in and through cyberspace as a critical element of its<a href=\"https:\/\/media.defense.gov\/2022\/Oct\/27\/2003103845\/-1\/-1\/1\/2022-NATIONAL-DEFENSE-STRATEGY-NPR-MDR.PDF\"> 2022 National Defense Strategy<\/a>. This opens the aperture on how cyber capabilities can be supportive of<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lawfaremedia.org\/article\/neutering-volt-typhoon-to-deter-china\"> larger national security goals<\/a>. If you can undermine an adversary\u2019s confidence that they can create sustained conditions that will come in handy during a militarized conflict, then they may never have the confidence to pursue a conflict with you. In this indirect manner, continuous cyber campaigning can bolster a deterrence effect, even though such proactive campaigning is the opposite of a restrained deterrence strategy.<\/p>\n<p>Deterrence promises to react to something; but in cyberspace, it is all about being proactive. Since cyberspace is a realm of seeking ubiquitous opportunity to exploit, remaining persistently engaged in order to get in front of such exploitation is the logical strategic choice.<\/p>\n<p>But states can make bad choices. They make them all the time when leaders misread the security environments and misapply strategies that just do not fit. The past six years are fascinating in that states are moving away from the misaligned strategy of deterrence to forms of persistence, because of what they are seeing operationally and because the logic that dominates the space is becoming clearer. <\/p>\n<div class=\"ad ad--inline_1 \">\n<div class=\"ad__inner\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Advertisement<\/span> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>This trend toward initiative persistence adds one more hopeful scenario: that while cyberspace will remain heavily contested, it may simultaneously become more stable and contained in<a href=\"https:\/\/cyberdefensereview.army.mil\/Portals\/6\/CDR-SE_S5-P3-Fischerkeller.pdf\"> an agreed competition<\/a> \u2014 rather than crisis and war \u2014 because everyone is now on the same playing field.<\/p>\n<p><em>Richard J. Harknett, Ph.D., is the director of the Center for Cyber Strategy and Policy and co-director of the Ohio Cyber Range Institute at the University of Cincinnati.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><\/body> <\/p>\n<footer class=\"single-article__footer\" readability=\"2.9942965779468\">\n<div class=\"author-card\" readability=\"12\">\n<div class=\"author-card__avatar\">\n<figure class=\"author-card__image-wrap\"> <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"author-card__image\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/americas-allies-are-shifting-cyberspace-is-about-persistence-not-deterrence-1.jpg?w=640&ssl=1\" alt=\"Richard J. Harknett, Ph.D.\"> <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><h4 class=\"author-card__name\">Written by Richard J. Harknett, Ph.D.<\/h4>\n<p> Richard J. 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{"id":5585,"date":"2024-10-02T05:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-10-02T10:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cyberscoop.com\/?p=82000"},"modified":"2024-10-02T05:00:00","modified_gmt":"2024-10-02T10:00:00","slug":"americas-allies-are-shifting-cyberspace-is-about-persistence-not-deterrence","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ddi.mohflo.net\/index.php\/2024\/10\/02\/americas-allies-are-shifting-cyberspace-is-about-persistence-not-deterrence\/","title":{"rendered":"America\u2019s allies are shifting: Cyberspace is about persistence, not deterrence"},"content":{"rendered":"