DARPA wants to create \u2018self-healing\u2019 firmware that can respond and recover from cyberattacks | CyberScoop<\/title> <meta name=\"description\" content=\"The agency\u2019s Red-C program seeks to build new defenses into bus-based computer systems. \"> <link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cyberscoop.com\/darpa-redc-bus-cybersecurity-firmware\/\"> <meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\"> <meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\"> <meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"DARPA wants to create \u2018self-healing\u2019 firmware that can respond and recover from cyberattacks \"> <meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The agency\u2019s Red-C program seeks to build new defenses into bus-based computer systems. \"> <meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/cyberscoop.com\/darpa-redc-bus-cybersecurity-firmware\/\"> <meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"CyberScoop\"> <meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-01-30T17:36:02+00:00\"> <meta 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class=\"single-article__category-link\" href=\"https:\/\/cyberscoop.com\/darpa-redc-bus-cybersecurity-firmware\/\"> <span>Technology<\/span> <\/a> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p> The agency\u2019s Red-C program seeks to build new defenses into bus-based computer systems. <\/p>\n<p>  <br \/>\n<audio id=\"audio-player\" src=\"https:\/\/wp-tts-cdn.api.scpnewsgrp.com\/cyberscoop\/83329\/english.openai.mp3\"><\/audio> <\/p>\n<div readability=\"11\">\n<div>\n<p>Listen to this article<\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p>0:00<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p> <span id=\"tts-tooltip\">Learn more.<\/span> <span> This feature uses an automated voice, which may result in occasional errors in pronunciation, tone, or sentiment. <\/span> <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>  <\/div>\n<div class=\"single-article__cover-wrap\">\n<figure class=\"single-article__cover\"> <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" fetchpriority=\"high\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/darpa-wants-to-create-self-healing-firmware-that-can-respond-and-recover-from-cyberattacks.jpg?resize=640%2C360&ssl=1\" class=\"single-article__cover-image wp-post-image\" alt decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/darpa-wants-to-create-self-healing-firmware-that-can-respond-and-recover-from-cyberattacks-2.jpg 3840w, https:\/\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/darpa-wants-to-create-self-healing-firmware-that-can-respond-and-recover-from-cyberattacks-2.jpg?resize=300,168 300w, https:\/\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/darpa-wants-to-create-self-healing-firmware-that-can-respond-and-recover-from-cyberattacks-2.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https:\/\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/darpa-wants-to-create-self-healing-firmware-that-can-respond-and-recover-from-cyberattacks-2.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https:\/\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/darpa-wants-to-create-self-healing-firmware-that-can-respond-and-recover-from-cyberattacks-2.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https:\/\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/darpa-wants-to-create-self-healing-firmware-that-can-respond-and-recover-from-cyberattacks-2.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w, https:\/\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/darpa-wants-to-create-self-healing-firmware-that-can-respond-and-recover-from-cyberattacks-2.jpg?resize=600,337 600w, https:\/\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/darpa-wants-to-create-self-healing-firmware-that-can-respond-and-recover-from-cyberattacks-2.jpg?resize=1200,675 1200w, https:\/\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/darpa-wants-to-create-self-healing-firmware-that-can-respond-and-recover-from-cyberattacks-2.jpg?resize=1500,843 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\"><figcaption> DARPA\u2019s work focuses on two specific types of buses: Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) and Compute Express Link (CXL). (Photo by Getty Images) <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"single-article__content\">\n<div class=\"single-article__content-inner has-drop-cap\"> <html readability=\"86.304053257924\"><body readability=\"173.24120603015\"><\/p>\n<p>Imagine, for a moment, that your network is hit with ransomware.<\/p>\n<p>One of your employees clicked on a malicious link and now your network is compromised, data is encrypted and most of the organization\u2019s systems are locked or offline.<\/p>\n<p>Then imagine if instead of assembling an incident response team, notifying the board and contacting law enforcement, the forensic sensors in your device\u2019s firmware spring to life. They begin healing your network, restoring locked files, and communicating with other systems to collect forensic data.<\/p>\n<p>The firmware then analyzes the data to identify how the attackers entered and exploited system weaknesses, then blocks those vulnerabilities to prevent future breaches through the same entry points. <\/p>\n<div class=\"ad ad--inline_1 \">\n<div class=\"ad__inner\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Advertisement<\/span> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>While it sounds like science fiction, researchers at one of the Pentagon\u2019s top cyber innovation hubs are attempting to prove the idea is more than a pipe dream.<\/p>\n<p>Red-C, a new <a href=\"https:\/\/sam.gov\/opp\/0eaad202701e46acba213021c05f730c\/view\">project<\/a> being rolled out by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, seeks to build new defenses into bus-based computer systems, which are firmware-level systems used in everything from personal computers to weapons systems to vehicles.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cFor far too long there\u2019s been a missing layer in our security onion. We haven\u2019t thought about how a computer would defend itself,\u201d said Bernard McShea, DARPA\u2019s program manager for RED-C. \u201cThis idea of a distributed, embedded layer of security at the bus level is a new thing that\u2019s been missing for a very long time.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Bus systems \u2014 the \u201cB\u201d in \u201cUSB\u201d \u2014 are responsible for transferring data between different components of a computer system. Red-C is DARPA\u2019s quest to reengineer these communication highways to create a \u201cneighborhood watch\u201d system between different components so they can identify and respond to attacks in real time.<\/p>\n<p>Because their role is elemental to most computer operations, bus-based systems often carry the highest levels of trust, making them an attractive single point of failure for attackers to compromise. On the recovery front, bus systems often carry enough data to identify the files on your computer and relay this information to other components, but lack the capacity to store the actual content or restore the data to a previous state.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ad ad--inline_1 \">\n<div class=\"ad__inner\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Advertisement<\/span> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The process starts with rewriting the firmware used in many computers to create forensic sensor capabilities for each component, allowing them to cooperate with each other and monitor for signs of compromise or malicious activity. DARPA\u2019s work focuses on two specific types of buses: Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) and Compute Express Link (CXL).<\/p>\n<p>This kind of on-system monitoring integrated directly into a device\u2019s firmware could be as effective, or even moreso, than many external cybersecurity and antivirus tools. The built-in approach could provide massive security benefits, especially for the smallest or most resource-limited organizations.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/darpa-wants-to-create-self-healing-firmware-that-can-respond-and-recover-from-cyberattacks.png?w=640&ssl=1\" alt class=\"wp-image-83330\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A diagram displaying how DARPA\u2019s Red-C program works (Source: DARPA)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Additionally, DARPA believes this new firmware could go beyond just monitoring for malicious cyber activity. It could also be used to restore data and files to previous states, making it more difficult for, say, ransomware actors to lock up systems and create downtime that can put added pressure on victims to pay the ransom.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI think the application to ransomware, even when people have been attacked and whether or not they paid the ransom or had backups, just being down for a few days is absolutely devastating monetarily,\u201d McShea said. \u201cNot only for multi-million-dollar companies but any mom-and-pop shop that updates or buys equipment with Red-C firmware, they now have the ability to defend themselves.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"ad ad--inline_1 \">\n<div class=\"ad__inner\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Advertisement<\/span> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Bus-based security faces real roadblocks<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>DARPA is inherently tasked with pushing the boundaries of technology, and thus rarely focuses on problems with simple solutions. The agency anticipates that many of its projects won\u2019t become revolutionary, which is intentional. DARPA does not strive for a high success rate in its projects because that \u201cindicates risk is not being taken for exploratory research and development,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.darpa.mil\/sites\/default\/files\/attachment\/2024-11\/darpa-2024-afr-final.pdf\">according to a financial report<\/a> published last year. As former Director Charles Herzfeld <a href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-2003-aug-14-sci-darpa14-story.html\">said<\/a> of the agency\u2019s work in 1975, \u201cwhen we fail, we fail big.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>To that end, achieving Red-C\u2019s goals will require solving several technological and logistical challenges over the next two years. Some of the questions the program aims to answer are: How would such a system identify zero-day malware? How can firmware be rewritten to best restore and patch a system while it\u2019s still running and changing states?<\/p>\n<p>Further, there\u2019s a chance that any changes or processes introduced by Red-C could themselves alter systems or networks in ways that make them more vulnerable to different kinds of attacks, a concern McShea said is \u201cnot easily dismissed.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Even if these technological obstacles are surmounted, Red-C firmware would still need to be adopted and embedded within industry standards to ensure that manufacturers use it in their hardware. That is a real challenge, and the cybersecurity landscape is littered with <a href=\"https:\/\/insights.sei.cmu.edu\/library\/software-bill-of-materials-sbom-considerations-for-operational-test-evaluation-activities\/\">great ideas<\/a> that struggle to make a large impact because of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/system\/files\/sec24summer-prepub-618-lassak.pdf\">lack of widespread adoption<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ad ad--inline_1 \">\n<div class=\"ad__inner\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Advertisement<\/span> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Curtis Dukes, a computer scientist who previously led the National Security Agency\u2019s Information Assurance Directorate (now called the Cybersecurity Directorate), told CyberScoop that the two bus systems selected by DARPA \u2014 PCIe and CXL \u2014 currently \u201cdon\u2019t actually have any type of infrastructure\u201d to handle the kind of tasks the agency is trying to assign them.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhat\u2019s going to be hard about this is for companies to actually build that into existing busses,\u201d said Dukes, now executive vice president and general manager at the nonprofit Center for Internet Security. \u201cThey\u2019re not just going to be able to take existing busses you find on computer systems with no changes necessary. It\u2019s going to require changes on the bus architecture itself, which means companies have to retool for that to provide those products.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>He also mentioned that finding a way to patch and restore hacked systems to their original state without reversing legitimate changes to a system is crucial. Additionally, avoiding the creation of a \u201cSkynet\u201d-like surveillance apparatus that introduces its own security risks is another complex issue yet another sticky problem that will need to be addressed.<\/p>\n<p>Despite the skepticism, Dukes applauded the effort, noting that if DAPRA achieves even a fraction of the project\u2019s goals, it could improve the overall cybersecurity ecosystem and push more research around bus-based security in the private sector.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cMy view is even if DARPA only gets a tenth or 20% of the benefits in this research, that is still going to [push] young, innovative companies to then take that and be able to innovate on that,\u201d Dukes said.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ad ad--inline_1 \">\n<div class=\"ad__inner\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Advertisement<\/span> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>McShea, for his part, readily acknowledged similar challenges. DARPA is in the beginning stages of research around the technical breakthroughs needed to make Red-C work, and expressed a strong desire to partner with private-sector companies on the front-end to ensure that any technology produced can be easily adopted and integrated by industry.<\/p>\n<p>DARPA held an industry day with businesses this week to introduce the program and develop buy-in among industry. The goal is to develop a prototype of the technology by the end of the 24-month program that is \u201creasonably well developed to be tested and used by others.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The next step would be industry cooperation, which McShea argued could both speed up adoption and create a market effect where manufacturers with Red-C firmware have a competitive advantage with customers.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI\u2019d really like hardware manufacturers to form teams,\u201d he said, \u201cand come onto the Red-C program.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><\/body> <\/p>\n<footer class=\"single-article__footer\" readability=\"3.7262357414449\">\n<div class=\"author-card\" readability=\"13\">\n<div class=\"author-card__avatar\">\n<figure class=\"author-card__image-wrap\"> <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"author-card__image\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/darpa-wants-to-create-self-healing-firmware-that-can-respond-and-recover-from-cyberattacks-1.jpg?w=640&ssl=1\" alt=\"Derek B. 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{"id":7146,"date":"2025-01-30T11:36:02","date_gmt":"2025-01-30T17:36:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cyberscoop.com\/?p=83329"},"modified":"2025-01-30T11:36:02","modified_gmt":"2025-01-30T17:36:02","slug":"darpa-wants-to-create-self-healing-firmware-that-can-respond-and-recover-from-cyberattacks","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ddi.mohflo.net\/index.php\/2025\/01\/30\/darpa-wants-to-create-self-healing-firmware-that-can-respond-and-recover-from-cyberattacks\/","title":{"rendered":"DARPA wants to create \u2018self-healing\u2019 firmware that can respond and recover from cyberattacks\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"