NYU team behind AI-powered malware dubbed \u2018PromptLock\u2019 | CyberScoop<\/title> <meta name=\"description\" content=\"Researchers at NYU\u2019s Tandon School of Engineering confirmed they created PromptLock to illustrate potential harms of AI-powered malware.\"> <link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cyberscoop.com\/ai-ransomware-promptlock-nyu-behind-code-discovered-by-security-researchers\/\"> <meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\"> <meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\"> <meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"NYU team behind AI-powered malware dubbed \u2018PromptLock\u2019 \"> <meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Researchers at NYU\u2019s Tandon School of Engineering confirmed they created PromptLock to illustrate potential harms of AI-powered malware.\"> <meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/cyberscoop.com\/ai-ransomware-promptlock-nyu-behind-code-discovered-by-security-researchers\/\"> <meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"CyberScoop\"> 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tabindex=\"-1\"> <\/p>\n<div class=\"ad ad--top ad--top-mobile\">\n<div class=\"ad__inner\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Advertisement<\/span> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"stickybar\" class=\"stickybar stickybar--newsletter js-stickybar\" readability=\"0.82\"> <button class=\"stickybar__close js-stickybar-close\" aria-controls=\"stickybar\"> <svg class=\"icon icon--close\" width=\"21\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 21 22\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"m.822.518-.805.805L9.695 11 .017 20.678l.805.805 9.678-9.678 9.677 9.678.806-.805L11.305 11l9.678-9.677-.806-.805-9.677 9.677L.822.518Z\" fill=\"currentColor\" \/><\/svg> <span class=\"visually-hidden\">Close<\/span> <\/button> <\/section>\n<article class=\"single-article content\">\n<div class=\"single-article__container js-single-article-content\">\n<header class=\"single-article__header \" readability=\"25.385514018692\">\n<div class=\"single-article__header-content\" readability=\"34.430992736077\">\n<p> Researchers at NYU\u2019s Tandon School of Engineering confirmed they created the code as part of a project to illustrate potential harms of AI-powered malware. <\/p>\n<p>  <br \/>\n<audio id=\"audio-player\" src=\"https:\/\/wp-tts-cdn.api.scpnewsgrp.com\/cyberscoop\/85879\/english.openai.mp3\"><\/audio> <\/p>\n<div readability=\"11\">\n<div>\n<p>Listen to this article<\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p>0:00<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p> <span id=\"tts-tooltip\">Learn more.<\/span> <span> This feature uses an automated voice, which may result in occasional errors in pronunciation, tone, or sentiment. <\/span> <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>  <\/div>\n<div class=\"single-article__cover-wrap\">\n<figure class=\"single-article__cover\"> <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" fetchpriority=\"high\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/nyu-team-behind-ai-powered-malware-dubbed-promptlock.jpg?resize=640%2C400&ssl=1\" class=\"single-article__cover-image wp-post-image\" alt decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/nyu-team-behind-ai-powered-malware-dubbed-promptlock-2.jpg 8000w, https:\/\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/nyu-team-behind-ai-powered-malware-dubbed-promptlock-2.jpg?resize=300,188 300w, https:\/\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/nyu-team-behind-ai-powered-malware-dubbed-promptlock-2.jpg?resize=768,480 768w, https:\/\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/nyu-team-behind-ai-powered-malware-dubbed-promptlock-2.jpg?resize=1024,640 1024w, https:\/\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/nyu-team-behind-ai-powered-malware-dubbed-promptlock-2.jpg?resize=1536,960 1536w, https:\/\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/nyu-team-behind-ai-powered-malware-dubbed-promptlock-2.jpg?resize=2048,1280 2048w, https:\/\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/nyu-team-behind-ai-powered-malware-dubbed-promptlock-2.jpg?resize=600,375 600w, https:\/\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/nyu-team-behind-ai-powered-malware-dubbed-promptlock-2.jpg?resize=269,168 269w, https:\/\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/nyu-team-behind-ai-powered-malware-dubbed-promptlock-2.jpg?resize=539,337 539w, https:\/\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/nyu-team-behind-ai-powered-malware-dubbed-promptlock-2.jpg?resize=1080,675 1080w, https:\/\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/nyu-team-behind-ai-powered-malware-dubbed-promptlock-2.jpg?resize=1349,843 1349w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\"><figcaption> (Getty Images) <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"single-article__content\">\n<div class=\"single-article__content-inner has-drop-cap\"> <html readability=\"80.363378830801\"><body readability=\"162.08746355685\"><\/p>\n<p>Researchers at New York University have taken credit for creating a piece of malware found by third-party researchers that uses prompt injection to manipulate a large language model into assisting with a ransomware attack.<\/p>\n<p>Last month, researchers at ESET <a href=\"https:\/\/cyberscoop.com\/prompt-lock-eset-ransomware-research-ai-powered-prompt-injection\/\">claimed to have discovered<\/a> the first piece of \u201cAI-powered ransomware\u201d in the wild, flagging code found on VirusTotal. The code, written in Golang and given the moniker \u201cPromptLock,\u201d also included instructions for an open weight version of OpenAI\u2019s ChatGPT to carry out a series of tasks \u2014 such as inspecting file systems, exfiltrating data and writing ransom notes.<\/p>\n<p>ESET researchers told CyberScoop at the time that the code appeared to be unfinished or a proof of concept. Other than knowing it was uploaded by a user in the United States, the company had no further information about the malware\u2019s origin. <\/p>\n<p>Now, researchers at NYU\u2019s Tandon School of Engineering have confirmed that they created the code as part of a project meant to illustrate the potential harms of AI-powered malware.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ad ad--inline_1 \">\n<div class=\"ad__inner\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Advertisement<\/span> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>In a corresponding <a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2508.20444v1\">academic paper<\/a>, the researchers call the project \u201cRansomware 3.0\u201d and describe it as a new attack method. This technique \u201cexploits large language models (LLMs) to autonomously plan, adapt, and execute the ransomware attack lifecycle.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cUnlike conventional malware, the prototype only requires natural language prompts embedded in the binary; malicious code is synthesized dynamically by the LLM at runtime, yielding polymorphic variants that adapt to the execution environment,\u201d the authors write. \u201cThe system performs reconnaissance, payload generation, and personalized extortion, in a closed-loop attack campaign without human involvement.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>According to Leah Schmerl, a public affairs officer at NYU, the project is led by NYU professor Ramesh Karri and a team of Ph.D and post-doctoral researchers. The research has been funded by a grant from the Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation, and New York\u2019s Empire State Development\u2019s Division of Science, Technology and Innovation.<\/p>\n<p>Md Raz, a Ph.D student at NYU and lead author of the paper, told CyberScoop that the team uploaded its proof-of-concept to VirusTotal during final testing procedures, and ESET discovered it without knowing its academic origins.<\/p>\n<p>Raz said the project\u2019s primary motivation was the team\u2019s belief \u201cthat ransomware was getting worse, it was using a lot of these new technologies like advanced encryption \u2026 and at the same time we were seeing AI get a lot better.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"ad ad--inline_1 \">\n<div class=\"ad__inner\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Advertisement<\/span> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u201cAt the intersection of that we think there is a really illuminating threat that hasn\u2019t yet been discovered in the wild, so we got to [researching] whether this threat was feasible,\u201d he added. <\/p>\n<p>Raz said the team built the program using open source software, rented commodity hardware and \u201ca couple of GPUs.\u201d He described several features of Ransomware 3.0 and explained how its use of LLMs creates unique security challenges for defenders, especially with detection. The natural language prompts it uses are polymorphic, meaning it will be \u201ccompletely different code each time\u201d it\u2019s generated, with different execution times, telemetry and other features that could make it much harder to track across multiple incidents. <\/p>\n<p>He said the team has withheld a significant number of artifacts for evaluating the ransomware \u2014 such as scripts, JSON requests to the LLM and behavioral signals \u2014 from the public, fearing it could be leveraged by attackers. The team does plan to provide more details on their research at upcoming conferences.<\/p>\n<p>ESET later updated its research and<a href=\"https:\/\/bsky.app\/profile\/esetresearch.bsky.social\/post\/3lxwlg3mhkc2a\"> social media posts<\/a> to note that NYU researchers had created the malware, but said they stood by their original findings.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThis supports our belief that it was [a] proof of concept rather than fully operational malware deployed in the wild,\u201d the company said in an update to researcher Cherepanov\u2019s blog detailing PromptLock. \u201cNonetheless, our findings remain valid \u2014 the discovered samples represent the first known case of AI-powered ransomware.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"ad ad--inline_1 \">\n<div class=\"ad__inner\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Advertisement<\/span> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>That claim was echoed by NYU researchers, who wrote \u201cto our knowledge, we are the first work to demonstrate a fully closed-loop LLM orchestrated ransomware attack with targeted payloads and personalized extortion tactics, along with a comprehensive behavioral evaluation to promote future defenses.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>But while ESET\u2019s discovery and subsequent media reporting moved up their timelines for announcing the project, Raz said the research team isn\u2019t upset by the unexpected attention it\u2019s received. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cI think it was definitely a stroke of luck that we set down the binary [in VirusTotal],\u201d he said, noting that the code wasn\u2019t crafted to stand out and evaded detection from all major antivirus vendors. \u201cIt was pretty good that everyone started proactively talking about it and defenses for it because this kind of tech had never been shown before, and the fact that it was presented as in the wild really made coverage widespread.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>While the malware\u2019s academic nature may serve as a qualifier to those claims, Ransomware 3.0 is one of multiple examples published over the past month detailing how LLMs can be rather easily co-opted into serving as ransomware assistants for low-technical threat actors using relatively simple prompts.<\/p>\n<p>Last month, Anthropic revealed that it recently discovered a cybercriminal using the company\u2019s Claude LLM to \u201can unprecedented degree\u201d to commit \u201clarge scale theft and extortion of personal data.\u201d The<a href=\"https:\/\/www-cdn.anthropic.com\/b2a76c6f6992465c09a6f2fce282f6c0cea8c200.pdf\"> threat intelligence report<\/a> details behaviors by Claude that are similar to what is described by NYU and ESET, with the actor targeting at least 17 different health care, government, emergency services and religious organizations.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ad ad--inline_1 \">\n<div class=\"ad__inner\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Advertisement<\/span> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u201cClaude Code was used to automate reconnaissance, harvesting victims\u2019 credentials and penetrating networks,\u201d Anthropic security researchers wrote. \u201cClaude was allowed to make both tactical and strategic decisions, such as deciding which data to exfiltrate, and how to craft psychologically targeted extortion demands.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Ever since LLMs were introduced, there have been concerns that cybercriminal enterprises could use them to aid or strengthen their operations. Under the Biden administration, AI companies went to great lengths to assure policymakers that they were building technical guardrails to prevent straightforward misuse or co-opting of their models for cyberattacks.<\/p>\n<p>However, over the past year the Trump administration has signaled that AI safety is not a top priority. Instead, they are focused on removing regulatory barriers so American AI companies can compete with China and other global rivals for market dominance.<\/p>\n<p>Since then, researchers have found that the latest AI models released by companies like OpenAI and xAI have had nearly nonexistent safety features in their default models, can be easily jailbroken through rudimentary prompt attacks, and require dedicated security prompting on the front end to prevent data leakage, unauthorized data exfiltration and other common vulnerabilities.<\/p>\n<p><\/body> <\/p>\n<footer class=\"single-article__footer\" readability=\"3.4946619217082\">\n<div class=\"author-card\" readability=\"13\">\n<div class=\"author-card__avatar\">\n<figure class=\"author-card__image-wrap\"> <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"author-card__image\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ddi.mohflo.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/nyu-team-behind-ai-powered-malware-dubbed-promptlock-1.jpg?w=640&ssl=1\" alt=\"Derek B. 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Derek has a bachelor\u2019s degree in print journalism from Hofstra University in New York and a master\u2019s degree in public policy from George Mason University in Virginia. <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"single-article__tags-container\">\n<h4 class=\"single-article__tags-title\">In This Story<\/h4>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/footer>\n<p> <\/html><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"single-article__ads js-single-article-sidebar\">\n<div class=\"ad ad--sidebar js-single-article-sidebar-5 ad--rightrail_1 \">\n<div class=\"ad__inner\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Advertisement<\/span> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ad ad--sidebar js-single-article-sidebar-4 ad--rightrail_2 \">\n<div class=\"ad__inner\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Advertisement<\/span> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ad ad--sidebar js-single-article-sidebar-3 ad--rightrail_3 \">\n<div class=\"ad__inner\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Advertisement<\/span> 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{"id":7962,"date":"2025-09-05T11:13:46","date_gmt":"2025-09-05T16:13:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cyberscoop.com\/?p=85879"},"modified":"2025-09-05T11:13:46","modified_gmt":"2025-09-05T16:13:46","slug":"nyu-team-behind-ai-powered-malware-dubbed-promptlock","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ddi.mohflo.net\/index.php\/2025\/09\/05\/nyu-team-behind-ai-powered-malware-dubbed-promptlock\/","title":{"rendered":"NYU team behind AI-powered malware dubbed \u2018PromptLock\u2019\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"